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Web Dev + WordPress + Security

Protect Your Site with a Blackhole for Bad Bots

[ Black Hole (Vector) ] One of my favorite security measures here at Perishable Press is the site’s virtual Blackhole trap for bad bots. The concept is simple: include a hidden link to a robots.txt-forbidden directory somewhere on your pages. Bots that ignore or disobey your robots rules will crawl the link and fall into the honeypot trap, which then performs a WHOIS Lookup and records the event in the blackhole data file. Once added to the blacklist data file, bad bots immediately are denied access to your site.

Contents

Tip: For a shorter version of this tutorial, check out the Quick Start Guide »
WordPress user? Check out the free Blackhole plugin and Blackhole Pro »
Important: The article below is for the standalone PHP version of Blackhole for Bad Bots. For information about the Blackhole WordPress plugins, visit WordPress.org (free version) and/or Plugin Planet (pro version).

Intro

[ Black Hole (Graphic) ] I call it the “one-strike” rule: bots have one chance to follow the robots.txt protocol, check the site’s robots.txt file, and obey its directives. Failure to comply results in immediate banishment. The best part is that the Blackhole only affects bad bots: normal users never see the hidden link, and good bots obey the robots rules in the first place. So the percentage of false positives is extremely low to non-existent. It’s an ideal way to protect your site against bad bots silently, efficiently, and effectively.

With a few easy steps, you can set up your own Blackhole to trap bad bots and protect your site from evil scripts, bandwidth thieves, content scrapers, spammers, and other malicious behavior.

[ Blackhole for Bad Bots ] The Blackhole is built with PHP, and uses a bit of .htaccess to protect the blackhole directory. Refined over the years and completely revamped for this tutorial, the Blackhole consists of a plug-&-play /blackhole/ directory that contains the following three files:

  • .htaccess – protects the log file
  • blackhole.dat – log file
  • index.php – blackhole script

These three files work together to create the Blackhole for Bad Bots. If you are running WordPress, the Blackhole plugin is recommended instead of this standalone PHP version.

Note: By default, .htaccess files are hidden on Windows and OS X, so to view them you need to enable “Show hidden files” on your machine, or use any FTP or code-editing app that is capable of displaying them. It’s a common feature.

Overview

The Blackhole is developed to make implementation as easy as possible. Here is an overview of the steps:

  1. Upload the /blackhole/ directory to your site
  2. Edit the four variables in the “EDIT HERE” section in index.php.
  3. Ensure writable server permissions for the blackhole.dat file
  4. Add a single line to the top of your pages to include the index.php file
  5. Add a hidden link to the /blackhole/ directory in the footer
  6. Forbid crawling of /blackhole/ by adding a line to your robots.txt

So installation is straightforward, but there are many ways to customize functionality. For complete instructions, jump ahead to the installation steps. For now, I think a good way to understand how it works is to check out a demo..

Live Demo

I have set up a working demo of the Blackhole for this tutorial. It works exactly like the download version, but it’s set up as a sandbox, so when you trigger the trap, it blocks you only from the demo itself. Here’s how it works:

  1. First visit to the Blackhole demo loads the trap page, runs the whois lookup, and adds your IP address to the blacklist data file
  2. Once your IP is added to the blacklist, all future requests for the Blackhole demo will be denied access

So you get one chance (per IP address) to see how it works. Once you visit the demo, your IP address will be blocked from the demo only — you will still have full access to this tutorial (and everything else at Perishable Press). So with that in mind, here is the demo link (opens new tab):

Visit once to see the Blackhole trap, and then again to observe that you’ve been blocked. Again, even if you are blocked from the demo page, you will continue to have access to everything else here at Perishable Press.

Tip: You can visit the Blackhole Demo via any free proxy service if you want to try again and do another test.

How to Install

[ Black Hole (Physical) ] Here are complete instructions for implementing the PHP/standalone of Blackhole for Bad Bots. Note that these steps are written for Apache servers running PHP. The steps are the same for other PHP-enabled servers (e.g., Nginx, IIS), but you will need to replace the .htaccess file and rules with whatever works for particular server environment. Note: for a concise summary of these steps, check out this tutorial.

Step 1: Download the Blackhole zip file, unzip and upload to your site’s root directory. This location is not required, but it enables everything to work out of the box. To use a different location, edit the include path in Step 4.

Step 2: Edit the four variables in the “EDIT HERE” section in index.php.

Step 3: Change file permissions for blackhole.dat to make it writable by the server. The permission settings may vary depending on server configuration. If you are unsure about this, ask your host. Note that the blackhole script needs to be able to read, write, and execute the blackhole.dat file.

Step 4: Include the Blackhole script by adding the following line to the top of your pages (e.g., header.php):

<?php include(realpath(getenv('DOCUMENT_ROOT')) . '/blackhole/index.php'); ?>

The Blackhole script checks the bot’s IP address against the blacklist data file. If a match is found, the request is blocked with a customizable message. View the source code for more information.

Step 5: Add a hidden link to the /blackhole/ directory in the footer of your site’s web pages (replace “Your Site Name” with the name of your site):

<a rel="nofollow" style="display:none" href="https://example.com/blackhole/" title="Do NOT follow this link or you will be banned from the site!">Your Site Name</a>

This is the hidden trigger link that bad bots will follow. It’s currently hidden with CSS, so 99.999% of visitors won’t ever see it. Alternately, to hide the link from users without relying on CSS, replace the anchor text with a transparent 1-pixel GIF image. For example:

<a rel="nofollow" style="display:none" href="http://example.com/blackhole/" title="Do NOT follow this link or you will be banned from the site!"><img src="/images/1px.gif" alt=""></a>

Remember to edit the link href value and the image src to match the correct locations on your server.

Step 6: Finally, add a Disallow directive to your site’s robots.txt file:

User-agent: *
Disallow: /blackhole/

This step is pretty important. Without the proper robots directives, all bots would fall into the Blackhole because they wouldn’t know any better. If a bot wants to crawl your site, it must obey the rules! The robots rule that we are using basically says, “All bots DO NOT visit the /blackhole/ directory or anything inside of it.” So it is important to get your robots rules correct.

Step 7: Done! Remember to test thoroughly before going live. Also check out the section on customizing for more ideas.

Testing

[ Black Hole (Figurative) ] You can verify that the script is working by visiting the hidden trigger link (added in step 5). That should take you to the Blackhole warning page for your first visit, and then block you from further access on subsequent visits. To verify that you’ve been blocked entirely, try visiting any other page on your site. To restore site access at any time, you can clear the contents of the blackhole.dat log file.

Important: Make sure that all of the rules in your robots.txt file are correct and have proper syntax. For example, you can use the free robots.txt validator in Google Webmaster Tools (requires Google account).

Tip: Make sure to check the list of whitelisted user agents. For example, the Chrome browser is whitelisted. So if you want to test that Blackhole is working, either use a non-Chrome browser or remove chrome from the whitelist.
Tip: To reset the list of blocked bots at any time, simply clear the contents of the blackhole.dat file.

Customize

The previous steps will get the Blackhole set up with default configuration, but there are some details that you may want to customize:

  • index.php (lines 25–28): Edit the four variables as needed
  • index.php (lines 140–164): Customize markup of the warning page
  • index.php (line 180): Customize the list of whitelisted bots

These are the recommended changes, but the PHP is clean and generates valid HTML, so feel free to modify the markup or anything else as needed.

Troubleshoot

If you get an error letting you know that a file cannot be found, it could be an issue with how the script specifies the absolute path, using getenv('DOCUMENT_ROOT'). That function works on a majority of servers, but if it fails on your server for whatever reason, you can simply replace it with the actual path. From Step 4, the include script looks like this:

<?php include(realpath(getenv('DOCUMENT_ROOT')) . '/blackhole/index.php'); ?>

So if you are getting not-found or similar errors, try this instead:

/var/www/httpdocs/blackhole/index.php

So that would be the actual absolute path to the blackhole index.php file on your server. As long as you get the path correct, it’s gonna fix any “file can’t be found” type errors you may be experiencing.

If in doubt about the actual full absolute path, consult your web host or use a PHP function or constant such as __DIR__ to obtain the correct infos. And check out my tutorial over at WP-Mix for more information about including files with PHP and WordPress.

Tip: I wrote an in-depth guide on how to verify that Blackhole is working. It is written for users of the WordPress plugin, but the general steps show how to test the PHP/standalone version as well. Long story short: use a proxy service.

Caveat Emptor

Blocking bots is serious business. Good bots obey robots.txt rules, but there may be potentially useful bots that do not. Yahoo is the perfect example: it’s a valid search engine that sends some traffic, but sadly the Yahoo Slurp bot is too stupid to follow the rules. Since setting up the Blackhole several years ago, I’ve seen Slurp disobey robots rules hundreds of times.

By default, the Blackhole DOES NOT BLOCK any of the big search engines. So Google, Bing, and company always will be allowed access to your site, even if they disobey your robots.txt rules. See the next section for more details.

Whitelist Good Bots

In order to ensure that all of the major search engines always have access to your site, Blackhole whitelists the following bots:

  • AOL.com
  • Baidu
  • Bing/MSN
  • DuckDuckGo
  • Google
  • Teoma
  • Yahoo!
  • Yandex

Additionally, popular social media services are whitelisted, as well as some other known “good” bots. To whitelist these bots, the Blackhole script uses regular expressions to ensure that all possible name variations are allowed access. For each request made to your site, Blackhole checks the User Agent and always allows anything that contains any of the following strings:

a6-indexer, adsbot-google, ahrefsbot, aolbuild, apis-google, baidu, bingbot, bingpreview, butterfly, chrome, cloudflare, duckduckgo, embedly, facebookexternalhit, facebot, googlebot, google page speed, ia_archiver, linkedinbot, mediapartners-google, msnbot, netcraftsurvey, outbrain, pinterest, quora, rogerbot, showyoubot, slackbot, slurp, sogou, teoma, tweetmemebot, twitterbot, uptimerobot, urlresolver, vkshare, w3c_validator, wordpress, wp rocket, yandex

So any bot that reports a user agent that contains any of these strings will NOT be blocked and always will have full access to your site. To customize the list of whitelisted bots, open index.php and locate the function blackhole_whitelist(), where you will find the list of allowed bots.

The upside of whitelisting these user agents ensures that anything claiming to be a major search engine is allowed open access. The downside is that user-agent strings are easily spoofed, so a bad bot could crawl along and say, “Hey look, I’m teh Googlebot!” and the whitelist would grant access. It is your decision where to draw the line.

With PHP, it is possible to verify the true identity of each bot, but doing so consumes significant resources and could overload the server. Avoiding that scenario, the Blackhole errs on the side of caution: it’s better to allow a few spoofs than to block any of the major search engines and other major web services.

Tip: Check out CLI Forward-Reverse Lookup for how to verify bot identity.

License & Disclaimer

Terms of Use: Blackhole for Bad Bots is released under GNU General Public License. By downloading the Blackhole, you agree to accept full responsibility for its use. In no way shall the author be held accountable for anything that happens after the file has been downloaded.

Questions & Feedback

Questions? Comments? Send ’em via my contact form. Thanks!

Download

Here you can download the latest version of Blackhole for Bad Bots. By downloading, you agree to the terms.

Standalone PHP version, last updated: 2023/04/04
Download Blackhole for Bad BotsVersion 4.6 ( 4.43 KB ZIP )

About the Author
Jeff Starr = Web Developer. Security Specialist. WordPress Buff.
Digging Into WordPress: Take your WordPress skills to the next level.

236 responses to “Protect Your Site with a Blackhole for Bad Bots”

  1. squirrel 2010/10/06 10:08 pmReply

    Hi, Thank for your script ! Just change image. The file index.php isn’t appear into /blackhole/

    index.php .............../blackhole/ ...............blackhole.php ...............blackhole.dat .............. .htaccess

    Thank again

  2. Globalweb Outsourcing 2010/10/09 10:12 pmReply

    I’ve just installed it on my site,this is awesome! I’m experimenting around with it.

  3. Erik Rubright 2010/10/12 7:19 pmReply

    RE: #38/#39:

    In index.php, changing line 76 from:
    fputs($sock, "$targetn");
    to:
    fputs($sock, "n $targetn");

    This change removed the “Query terms are ambiguous. The query is assumed to be:
    “n xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx”

    Use “?” to get help.”

  4. Jeff Starr 2010/10/13 11:43 am Reply

    @Erik Rubright: Thank you! I’m looking forward to trying your solution. I’ll be updating the code next opportunity.

  5. I think version 1.2 wouldn’t go properly in the site root as stated in the article… Because there are the index.php and the dat file outside the folder. I’ll try a previous version then. :)
    @ Skye, I don’t know why but it can’t open the file…

  6. Maybe I got it… calling the include *from* a subdirectory causes a problem with the fopen of the dat file because its path is not properly referred, so PHP assumes the wrong working directory. I haven’t got time to try again now, but probably will try tomorrow.

  7. Ok so I’ve been running this for about a month now and almost all the bots caught are agent “Java/1.6.0_21” with different version numbers. Most are from Europe as well.

    Anyone know what these are?
    Is there a Java scraping bot that everyone uses?
    Java bots hyped up on coffee trying to take over the internets??

  8. @ Jeff and Skye, please can you help me to fix the bug? I’m not very familiar with calling scripts via server root & so on… Thank you very much.

  9. @ Lazza, what does your file structure look like?

    Are you talking about when you include the blackhole.php in your header?

    If the executing script is inside a subdirectory use ../ to go up a directory.

    ie. include_once('../blackhole.php'); or include_once('../blackhole/blackhole.php');

    This all depends on your file structure. Please provide more details if you still need help.

  10. Philippe @ HTML5 Débloque-notes 2010/10/27 1:53 amReply

    Yo!
    Excellent Jeff.
    I’m gonna try it as soon as I understand where to place the index file… ;-)
    but I have a question:
    msnbot became bingbot since the 1st of october (am I wrong?]
    But I don’t see this name into the preg match line code.
    So should we add it?

  11. @ Skye, yes I know, I call the script with document root so it includes corretly. The problem is that the blackhole does a “fopen” but can’t open the dat file. This file has correct path and permission, so I assume it depends on the relative path the script calls to open the file, but I’m not sure about that. :)

  12. Rune Jensen 2010/10/27 7:51 amReply

    JAVA in the first part of the user agent is harvester bots.

    You can check for both user agent, and the accept-encoding, which in all cases do NOT have GZIP (since harvesterbots apparently have to be cheap, they cannot afford to program them properly, which means they do not have the packing library).

    libwww/perl are injectors (cross-site-scripting, SQL-injections and the like), follows the same scheme, they do not accept GZIP either (most of them – but be aware, you do not have to accept GZIP to send an URL only).

    The most spambots use IE6.0 in user agent, they do not accept GZIP either.

    The most clever spambots I have seen use a non-IE user agent, accepts GZIP, and they are not stored (like the others mentioned above) on infected computers, but on dedicated servers, whch means they have much more power. Still very few of them, but I expect there will be a rise in the future. Those bots comes maiinly from Ukraine and Israel.

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Perishable Press is operated by Jeff Starr, a professional web developer and book author with two decades of experience. Here you will find posts about web development, WordPress, security, and more »
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